Typically, studies of efforts of economic agents do not distinguish between efforts that directly generate returns (`return effort') and efforts that facilitate demonstration of return effort, that is, `return effort cost'. This study provides formal theoretical evidence that a distinguishing of...

Suppose an economy within which rational expectations equilibriums (REE) are predicated on the distribution of ability, and the extent to which economic agents are doubtful (`doubtfulness') as to true realizations of their ability. Let a `societal REE' denote an REE that, simultaneously...

It is a stylized fact of formal mathematical modeling that a 'space' cannot be described by attempts at parameterization of distances or areas (under or above curves) that feasibly could occur within the space. Tools for parameterization of mathematical spaces, such as Set Theory, Connectedness,...

Whereas risk tolerance is an important parameter of financial intermediation in markets for mutual funds, formal theoretical predictions show funds managers' choices of portfolio risk tolerances can be induced in entirety by wealth considerations. An important implication of this finding is the...

This study shows listings of new issues that occur in order of increasing, or decreasing average quality are general equilibrium listing paths, equivalently necessary conditions for maintenance of best valuations within stock markets. This finding demonstrates robustness of an existing price...

Suppose an economy is characterized by triad of information asymmetries, efficient aggregation of information, and populations of fully rational agents. This economy is postulated to be an ideal economy for domicile of stock markets. This study shows that in absence of metrics for assessing each...

Financial Economists have over the years gained many insights from surveys of crop farmers in so far as different aspects of economic activity are concerned. In this study, using micro level survey data obtained from small scale entrepreneurs (farmers), I obtain a strictly concave inverted "U"...

I estimate stochastic frontier models for agricultural productivity using factors that proxy for absolute risk aversion (e.g. loan amounts) and factors that proxy for relative risk aversion (loan pricing or interest rates). Empirical findings show absolute risk aversion ceases to matter for...

We find financing helps make up for deficiencies in farming experience and the absence of crop insurance, such that farmers that have less experience or do not have crop insurance are more likely to adopt productivity enhancing activities. We also find farmers are less likely to spend on output...

In this paper, we find evidence of reversals in relative exit performance between the "short" and "long-run" in the VC market, with the short-run defined to be the first five years of business, and the long-run, the sixth year of business onwards. Using proxies for the risk of venture capital...