-run effects on the likelihood of being convicted of a crime by age 25 and on the number of criminal convictions by age 25. Effects … driven by declines in high school peer quality and educational investments that result in lower non-cognitive skill … acquisition. We find little effect on juvenile crime. Using the method proposed by Angrist and Rokkanen (2015), we also estimate …

-run effects on the likelihood of being convicted of a crime by age 25 and on the number of criminal convictions by age 25. Effects … driven by declines in high school peer quality and educational investments that result in lower non-cognitive skill … acquisition.We find little effect on juvenile crime. Using the method proposed by Angrist and Rokkanen (2015), we also estimate …

-run effects on the likelihood of being convicted of a crime by age 25 and on the number of criminal convictions by age 25. Effects … driven by declines in high school peer quality, lowered non-cognitive skill acquisition, and a reduction in educational … attainment. However, we find little effect on juvenile crime, which suggests the effects on adult criminal engagement are driven …

-grade cohort in the American Community Survey. Cohorts with more exposure are more likely to graduate from high school and earn … higher wages as adults. The positive effect is concentrated in grades 1-3 and on programs that targeted schools with a higher …

teacher and student absences, school closures, and disturbances to usual classroom routines. Similarly, they might also … to the attacks. The main results indicate that the attacks significantly reduced school-level proficiency rates in … grade math proficiency, suggesting that the shootings caused a decline in school proficiency rates of about five to nine …