We study the implications of incarceration for the earnings and employment of different groups, characterized by their race, gender, and education. Our hidden Markov model distinguishes between first-time and repeat incarceration, along with other persistent and transitory nonemployment and...

We replicate and reexamine Saperstein and Penner's prominent 2010 study which asks whether incarceration changes the probability that an individual will be seen as black or white (regardless of the individual's phenotype). Our reexamination shows that only a small part of their empirical...

To estimate employment-population ratios for black and white men with an adjustment for incarceration - a factor overlooked by most research on employment inequality - the authors combine data from surveys of prisons and jails with data from the Current Population Survey. This adjustment...

In the United States, Black men are five times more likely to be arrested for drug related offenses than White men, however, White men attribute to five times more drug usage. This creates a racial disparity in how racial and ethnic groups are treated unjustly and unfairly compared to White...