Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic models (ARCH), and Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic models, (GARCH) take into account the non-linearity that arises in the financial time series. Well known anomalies such as the calendar effects, January effect and seasonality's...

The IS – LM model shows the relationship between interest rates and real output. The intersection of LM and IS curves is the equilibrium point. IS stands for investment and saving and is used for fiscal policy. LM stands for liquidity preference and money supply and is used for monetary...

This article focuses on the importance of the traditional theories for the existence of the discount in relation to agency costs namely management performance. The argument that discounts reflect the quality of the management has been investigated in the past but the results were inconclusive....

In this article, we have tested the full information maximum likelihood, (FIML) of the natural logarithmic monthly returns of the CAD/USD, DKK/USD, CHF/USD and JPY/USD spot exchange rates. We have applied a system of four equations of the spot exchange rates to test and spot volatility...

This article examines the performance persistence of 210 UK investment trusts form the period January 1990 to January 2006. We use a sample free of survivorship bias and measure performance using risk adjusted measures. High values of the Treynor, Sharpe and information ratio are an indication...

The interaction of arbitrageurs and noise trading from a behavioural Orthodox approach is a new area of research. Noise traders are misled and they are making decisions not on data and forecasts, but based on their personal opinion. Their wrong estimate creates discount persistence throughout...

This article measures the total government indebtedness, total investment and gross national savings of Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, (GIPS). Using data from the International Monetary Fund, IMF, we describe the current situation for the period 2000 to 2018. Macroeconomic indicators such...

In this article, we are testing the effects of an inverted Yield curve, as a result of the relationship between the short and long-term interest rates of the US Treasury with constant maturities. Our aim is to illustrate and spot cycles that created the US recession in 2008 based on Estrella and...