The vector of a linear model’s coefficients represents the clearest guide to causal inference. Collinearity among variables, however, undermines the interpretation of that model. A wildly large positive coefficient on one variable may be offset by a comparably large negative coefficient on a...

Retirement security is of paramount importance to working people. Adequate retirement income is also a leading concern for private and public pension systems. Pension funding adequacy measures the ability of pension scheme assets to meet a system’s liabilities. Pension managers accumulate...

Price-level, or “price-cap,” regulation offers an alluring alternative to the traditional technique of monitoring a regulated firm’s profits. Part II of this article contrasts price-level regulation with conventional cost-of-service ratemaking and with Ramsey pricing. Price-level...

This study extends previous work applying unsupervised machine learning to commodity markets. "Clustering Commodity Markets in Space and Time" [DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102162] examined returns and volatility in commodity markets. That paper supported the conventional ontology of commodity...

This paper evaluates drivers of personal overindebtedness among the member-states of the European Union (EU). Personal overindebtedness gives rise to poverty, social exclusion, and other serious private and social problems. The EU, however, has neither adopted a common definition of...

Successive crises in the early twenty-first century prompted regulators around the world to ask financial institutions to implement a series of regulations. These measures aimed to increase transparency, improve consumer and investor protection, restructure financial capital, stabilize insurance...

This paper classifies Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries according to time-series data on wage ratios, tertiary education, and NEET rates from 2008 to 2021. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used, first the combination of PCA and HCA for...

Spanish abstract: La econofísica es el área multidisciplinar del conocimiento que intenta combinar la física, las matemáticas y los distintos campos que abarcan la economía. Algunos de los conceptos introducidos por los físicos en finanzas, tales como fractalidad o multifractalidad, han...

Markets for energy-related commodities figure prominently in developmental economics, international trade, and environmental law and policy. Markets for Brent oil, West Texas intermediate crude, gasoline, and diesel affect not only energy policy but also demand for agricultural commodities that...

Conventional wisdom treats biodiversity and biotechnology as rivalrous values. The global south is home to most of earth's vanishing species, while the global north holds the capital and technology needed to develop this natural wealth. The south argues that intellectual property laws enable the...