As cyber events have virtually no geographical limitations and can result in economic losses on a global scale, the assessment of return periods for such economic losses is currently debated among experts. The potential accumulation of consequential insurance losses due to intrusions or viruses...

Under the Solvency II Directive insurers are required to allow for all possible events when setting their technical provisions, including those that may not have been historically realised before. Such events not presented in a set of observable historical loss data are often called Binary...