We study whether disagreement is a useful proxy for uncertainty in the foreign exchange market using monthly forecasts for the euro, British pound, and Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar over the 2001 - 2017 period. We obtain measures of uncertainty and find that disagreement is not robustly...

We study whether disagreement is a useful proxy for uncertainty in the foreign exchange market using monthly forecasts for the euro, British pound, and Japanese yen against the US dollar over the 2001 - 2017 period. We obtain measures of uncertainty and find that disagreement is not robustly...

This paper reviews the empirical literature on heterogeneous beliefs and asset price dynamics that challenges the traditional rational agent framework. Emphasis is given to the validation and estimation of (dynamic) heterogeneous agent models that have their roots in the agent-based literature....

This paper investigates the time-varying nature of expectation formation rules for institutional investors in the foreign exchange market. Using a unique dataset of survey expectations for four exchange rates, we first distinguish three different general rules. We find a momentum rule, a...

In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a datagenerating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in sample estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidencegenerating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation...