This paper shows how Keynes used the neoclassical marginal productivity theory of one variable input, labor, and one fixed input, capital, to embed expectations of future prices and profits in a micro foundation of the theory of purely competitive firms. Keynes then generalized his technical...

Ramsey’s many ,many confusions and errors about Keynes’s logical theory of Probability all stem from his failure to a) read more than just the first four chapters of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability(1921),b) his gross ignorance of Boole’s logical theory of probability that Keynes had...

The claim that Keynes’s non numerical probabilities are ordinal probabilities was shown to be mathematically impossible by Keynes himself in Part II in chapter 15 of the A Treatise on Probability(1921) on pp.160-163 and in chapter 17 on pp.186-194, since Keynes’s non numerical probabilities...

Adam Smith rejected the use of the mathematical laws of the calculus of probabilities because the basic information-data-knowledge provided in the real world of decision making did not allow a decision maker to specify precise, definite, exact, numerical probabilities or discover the probability...

Over the course of their professional lives, Henry E. Kyburg, Isaac Levi, and Jochen Runde have maintained the claim that J M Keynes’s contributions to probability and decision theory were of a comparative, qualitative nature only. They maintained that J M Keynes had some interesting, but...

This paper deals with Keynes’ theoretical stance toward classical economics from the viewpoint of effective demand. In the first section, a recap of the pivotal role attributed to overall demand in the dynamics of the business cycle by many economists prior to the “General Theory” is...

J.M. Keynes and F. von Hayek had completely different views about the meaning of the term “uncertainty” as it was related to the concept of knowledge. Keynes viewed uncertainty through his concept of the weight of the argument, V, (a logical operator) and weight of the evidence, w (a...

Both Smith and Keynes have very similar conceptual approaches to what probability is, how it is used and applied and the areas of application in which it can aid a decision maker. They both accept an interval approach to probability based on inequalities and bounds versus ordinal, subjectivist...

I will argue that when Keynes states that, in general, probabilities are not susceptible to numerical estimation, he is arguing that the probabilities, in general, can’t be represented by single number answers or point estimates. But they can be represented by intervals. Keynes’s general...