We introduce the ambiguity towards risk, defined as the variance of signals, as a source of investors’ uncertainty to supplement risk. When public signals arrive, all traders are informed, but they react diversely. We propose a piecewise optimal demand schedule for ambiguity-averse investors,...

We present a model in which an insider (i.e., manager or CEO) and an informed outsider (i.e., analyst or professional) have heterogeneous beliefs on their shared information about a risky asset and analyze the insider's incentive to voluntarily disclose this information to the public. We find...

The Probability of Information (PIN)-based trading introduced by Easley <italic>et al</italic>. (1996, 2002) has been adopted to address a variety of issues in empirical finance. To obtain PIN using numerical Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) from transaction data, one may suffer from the numerical overflow or...