This essay describes the emerging legal battleground between states engaged in transnational armed conflict and the role of third parties — courts, international institutions, NGOs, and civil society — in developing and enforcing the law. This legal conflict has led to the formation of two...

There are various ways of understanding, interpreting and theorising international law. For instance, Kelsen founded a method of jurisprudence that was critical of ideology, the socalled “pure theory of law”. This is a method allowing jurists to engage with law as a subject of study in a...

The importance of international law has grown in an increasingly global world. States and their citizens are interconnected and depend on each other to enforce and comply with international law to meet common goals. Despite the expanding presence of international law, the question that remains...

Catastrophe cements a reputation, and the public pension crisis has been rapid and remarkable. Faced with alarming actuarial deficits, state and local legislatures are enacting comprehensive reforms to avoid insolvency. Government employees, however, are challenging these reforms under the...