emissions and a unidirectional causality from pollution to energy consumption. For Gambia, economic growth causes CO2 emissions …

the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), stating that environmental pollution follows an inverted u-shaped course with … levels of pollution, our estimates imply that complexity may even exacerbate environmental issues in the short and middle run …

The Clean Water Act (CWA) addresses nonpoint source pollution primarily by funding public works projects. Our study … find that projects significantly reduce water pollution, with corresponding increases in human population and residential … this benefit is attributable to new housing. Our findings show that pollution can impede urbanization, suggesting more …