leave in Austria that strongly affected the share of mothers who work up to the 32nd week of pregnancy. I use administrative … the second child reacts strongly to these policy changes. The share of employed mothers sharply declined in 1990 by 19 … Apgar scores. This result holds true for mothers of different socioeconomic backgrounds and across industries. The effect is …

. Parenthood imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant …. Supporting this interpretation, matched adoptive mothers (who do not experience the biological impacts of childbirth) also … encounter substantial parenthood penalties. Moreover, mothers who invest more in childcare (by taking extended maternity leave …

Mothers' longer time on parental leave after having children has been proposed as one reason for remaining gender … the argument that mothers take more parental leave as a consequence of pregnancy and breastfeeding. We compare the … going through a pregnancy increases the mothers initial parental leave, but the impact is minor. Instead, our results …