examine which forces drove the EU cleanup. I find that concerns about the effect of pollution offshoring were unfounded in the … production and imports were actually exactly opposite to what pollution offshoring would predict. Starting in the early 2000s, EU … offshoring of polluting industries to countries with lower environmental standards played only small role in the cleanup of US …

We test for pollution haven effects in outward foreign direct investment (FDI) for different sectors using a … country significantly attracts FDI. What is important for these pollution haven effects is not only regulation but also … enforcement of environmental policy. In contrast to earlier results, it is not only footloose industries that display pollution …

current research aiming at civil liability resulting from pollution occurring in effect of exploration and production of oil … concluded that according to regulations governing environmental pollution resulting from oil every state which is the cause of … oil pollution and consequently damage to the environment of other states as well as influencing their marine economical …

least judging by the many public policies designed to counteract this offshoring of pollution. The evidence, however, is … past thirty years, the United States does not appear to have been offshoring pollution by importing polluting goods …The question posed by the title of this article has been at the heart of debates about pollution havens, industrial …