Contracts serve an important function: allocation of risks. In achieving this function, contractual parties routinely include a force majeure clause in their contracts to be excused from performance in the face of a supervening event. But what events qualify to excuse performance and how have...

The ongoing reform of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) underlines the pertinence of an old question that has received various and conflicting answers: is investment arbitration a public or a private method of dispute settlement? A key criticism levelled at investment treaty arbitration...

Government purchases represent an important part of the world economy. Selling to the public sector is a key business activity for certain industries or service providers. The public procurement segment's attractiveness is also underlined by the security of payment and large extent of supplies....