Fraud is one of the most harmful phenomena, because it leads to collapse of organizations, causes economic downfall of … countries, and destroys faith in a country's capital markets. The impact of fraud is complex and has varying degrees depending … economic and noneconomic variables on fraud using a sample of 41 developed, in transition, and developing European countries …

Counterparty risk in the form of investment fraud damages a retiree’s nest egg. Does fraud negatively impact portfolios … determine the average reduction in portfolio success of a retiree who experiences fraud. Findings suggest that each incidence of … fraud results in a loss of three percentage points in retirement success. However, portfolios containing some bonds (75 …