authorities that allege anti-competitive foreclosure as a result of loyalty rebates should generally carry the burden of proving …

between a manufacturer and a retailer lead to vertical foreclosure, to the detriment of consumers and society. Finally, we …

Economic theory underlines that vertical mergers are very likely to lead to efficiencies and benefit consumers. On the … harm consumers, notably through foreclosure. These opposing effects make the assessment of vertical mergers a subtle … therefore usefully complete economic theory …

We report the results of experiments designed to test recent theories of vertical foreclosure. Consistent with the … theory, vertical integration improves the upstream firm's ability to commit to restricting output to the monopoly level, as … underemphasized in the recent foreclosure literature. Motivated by some observations that are difficult to reconcile with existing …

This chapter analyzes the private rationale and the social costs and benefits of market foreclosure, here defined as a … vertical foreclosure (in which full access to a bottleneck input is denied to competitors) and provides an overview of the … theory of access to an essential facility in an unregulated environment. It considers a wide array of contexts: possibility …