the different effects of these two forms of bias, and help to shed light on several aspects of the corruption scandal …Based on the Calciopoli scandal, which uncovered widespread corruption in Italian football, this paper quantifies the … effect of referee bias on the performance of football teams. The impartiality of referees is often distorted by external …

results of such tests. In some cases, with appropriate knowledge of the corruption mechanism, the true values of the …

Are corruption trials that involve the highest-ranks in the public sphere and large private companies biased? In this …, bureaucrats, and businesspeople involved in Brazil’s famous “Operação Lava Jato” (Operation Car Wash), the largest corruption and … type of political bias in courts that has been previously unexplored, anti-political class bias …

methodology they uncover positive bias (that is: methodological changes that make it more likely to find sanction success as …