childcare for preschool aged children. Yet families must continue to arrange childcare once their children enter primary school …, particularly in countries where the school day ends at lunchtime. In this paper we examine the case of Germany, a country that has … moved from an exclusively half-day school system to one where formal afternoon care is increasingly available. We estimate …

—through duration expansions to the kindergarten day—to better understand mothers’ and families’ constraints. We first show that mothers … performing household duties, and less time commuting with their children in the middle of the day relative to mothers with half …-day kindergarten expansions were responsible for as much as 24 percent of the growth in employment of mothers with kindergarten …

The share of single mothers is higher in East Germany than in West Germany. Using data from the Socio-Economic Panel …

-scale child care reform, which provided generous cash transfers to mothers who did not use formal child care facilities. Combining …-education women. This leads to lower reading scores among children, primarily as a result of mothers shifting away from formal care …

2020. We find that male-female gaps in the employment-to-population ratio and hours worked for women with school … reductions observed for women with school-age children being attributable to additional child care responsibilities (the "COVID …

benefits to estimate the impact of the reform. I incorporated the mother’s decision to substitute her care time with the public … after the reform implementation. Only for high-income mothers, the reform produced a significant decrease in the employment …

This paper examines the effects of universal daycare on mothers' labor force participation, full-time employment, and … participation effects. For higher-educated mothers, participation effects diminish over time, whereas earnings effects prevail in …