At the beginning of the nineteenth century, all countries having patent systems required patentable inventions to be … nonobvious. The nonobviousness requirement is considered to be so central to patent policy that it has frequently been called the … doctrine of invention, inventive step or simply the patentability requirement. This Article traces how this defining doctrine …

received over their careers, and employed to highlight the implications of patent institutions for markets in inventions and … for democratization. The United States deliberately created a patent system that differed from existing European systems … in ways that significantly affected the course of technological change. Patent rights in the U.S. helped to define and …

received over their careers, and employed to highlight the implications of patent institutions for markets in inventions and … for democratization. The United States deliberately created a patent system that differed from existing European systems … in ways that significantly affected the course of technological change. Patent rights in the U.S. helped to define and …

technological opportunity on independent inventors' decisions to patent and commercialize inventions. Using data from 559 inventions …

innovators. By examining citations from the universe of PCT patent applications between 2000 and 2020, we determine the strength …. Although China has filed the most patent applications in recent years, bilaterally it remains dependent on all other geographic …