We analyze whether the growing importance of passive investors has influenced the campaigns, tactics, and successes of activists. We find activists are more likely to seek board representation when a larger share of the target company's stock is held by passively managed mutual funds....

Passive institutional investors are an increasingly important component of U.S. stock ownership. To examine whether and by which mechanisms passive investors influence firms' governance, we exploit variation in ownership by passive mutual funds associated with stock assignments to the Russell...

This paper discusses empirical methods that rely on Russell 1000/2000 index assignments for identification. Using simulated data, the paper illustrates why the varying approaches reach conflicting conclusions about the effect of index assignment on a firm's ownership structure and corporate...