time, challenges to it have remained omnipresent.The latest of these challenges has manifested itself in increased tariffs … Second World War and of China during more recent decades as being the result of selective protection and industrial targeting …

There is widespread concern about the effect of the Uruguay Round policy changes on world agricultural prices and …

impact on food security in that their removal will increase the price of food in the world market there by increasing the …

-industry inequality in poorer countries (those below the world median income) and the reverse in richer countries. However, the results …

represented 83% of the world's population and 91% of the world's GDP in 2013. We address five questions: Do some countries have …, how liberalized is world trade? Our analysis documents the extent of cross-sectional heterogeneity in applied commercial … policy barriers remain as an important feature of the world economy. …

non-cooperative policies within a single framework. First, we compare the elasticity of trade flows to import tariffs and … in import tariffs by 1 percentage point reduces imports by around 1.4 percent. Hence the two instruments are not …

that offsetting effects on the newly imposed tariffs were substantial. …