incentives and deter crime in the long run. …

local crime rates. We assess the effects of a recent reform in California that caused a sharp and permanent reduction in the … violent crime and evidence of modest effects on property crime, auto theft in particular. These effects are considerably … considerably lower. We corroborate theses cross-county results with a synthetic-cohort analysis of state crime rates in California …

We evaluate whether California's state proposition 47 impacted state violent and property crime rates. Passed by the …-level crime rates that exploit heterogeneity in the effects of the proposition on local criminal justice practices. We find little … evidence of an impact on violent crime rates in the state. Once changes in offense definitions and reporting practices in key …

. Moreover, in these municipalities: i) newspapers were more likely to report crime news involving pardoned individuals; ii …) voters held worse beliefs on the incumbent national government's ability to control crime and iii) with respect to the …

gap.” Second, those who do obtain expungement have extremely low subsequent crime rates, comparing favorably to the …