pay discrimination in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom.Design/methodology/approach – The authors used …

, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; 3) a neutral role - Denmark and Italy; and 4) a negative impact … - Germany and Greece. We thus find that in most countries dispersion in earnings increases with educational levels and that …

, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; 3) a neutral role - Denmark and Italy; and 4) a negative impact … - Germany and Greece. We thus find that in most countries dispersion in earnings increases with educational levels and that …

, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; 3) a neutral role - Denmark and Italy; and 4) a negative impact … - Germany and Greece. We thus find that in most countries dispersion in earnings increases with educational levels and that …

set in the metalworking industry with labor market histories of metalworkers drawn from Social Security records in Italy … and Spain. An increase in the contemporaneous local unemployment rate of 1 p.p. diminished contemporaneous mean wages by … evidence for earlier periods is mixed in Italy, the results do not support the view that the wage structure reflects labor …

penalty for male workers in six European countries (i.e., Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the UK). Findings show … that the raw gap in hourly gross pay amounts to 16 percent of male part-timer's wage in Spain, to 24 percent in Belgium, to … 28 percent in Denmark and Italy, to 67 percent in the UK and to 149 percent in Ireland. Human capital differences explain …

exact contribution of deununionization is a matter of debate, perhaps no more so than in Germany, our case study. The … Germany more generally. …

In Germany, employers used to pay union members and non-members in a plant the same union wage in order to prevent …