Definitions of pooling effects in insurance companies may convey the impression that the achieved risk reduction effect will be beneficial for policyholders, since typically a) lower premiums are paid for the same safety level with an increasing number of insureds, or b) a higher safety level is...

Systematic mortality risk, i.e. the risk of unexpected changes in mortality and survival rates, can substantially impact a life insurers' risk and solvency situation. By using the “natural hedge” between life insurance and annuities, insurance companies have an effective tool for reducing...

In the course of creating a single European market for financial services and in the wake of two financial crises, regulatory frameworks in the financial services industry in the European Union have undergone significant change. One of the major reforms has been the transition from static...