Under the influence of economic, technological and political factors, the oil market is prone to constant change, which requires analysis of its developmental trends. The purpose of this article is to do a comprehensive analysis of the impact of OPEC + countries on trade wars in the global oil...

Frontmatter -- Foreword -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Customs Tariff under the Military Government (August 20, 1898, to March 8, 1902) -- 2. The Act of March 8, 1902 (March 8, 1902, to August 5, 1909) -- 3. Attempts to Revise the Philippine Tariff Laws during 1905– 1908 (August 5, 1909 to...

High-flying illusions on the part of the proponents and grim predictions of the sceptics characterize the controversy about Brexit. The article analyses five issues at stake for the Post-Brexit relationships between Britain, the EU and Africa with a focus on the Commonwealth Sub-Saharan Africa:...

In this paper we examine the empirical relevance of three prominent endogenous protection models. Is protection for sale, or do altruistic policy makers worry about political support? We find strong evidence that protection is indeed for sale. The important new result is, however, that not only...

The international discussion of Trump's dispute over import tariffs for steel, aluminum and even cars is so far focused on the big global players. However, African countries in particular could suffer from the planned punitive tariffs, analogous to the famous African proverb, "When elephants...