Antitrust authorities both in the U.S. and in Europe have analyzed wide parts of the complex mechanisms used in the credit card industry to ensure the functioning of the systems. Such arrangements include the honor-all-cards rule, the no-discrimination rule, the price structures such as the...

Innovation policy is increasingly coming under the spotlight in the European Union, and has been given a prominent role in the EU 2020 strategy and in the flagship initiatives that will aim to ensure that Europe succeeds where the Lisbon strategy failed.In years to come, problems such as the...

Italian company Cosmed has a reputation for laboratory-based medical device products which is founded on sound IP. The market is competitive, with a limited number of players, so reputation is critical to securing a leading role. Patents assure customers that products are innovative. They...