doctoral programs offered by universities in industrialized countries. This paper uses the opening of China in 1978 to estimate … the causal effect of this flow on the productivity of their professors in mathematics departments across the United States …. Our identification strategy relies on both the suddenness of the opening of China and on a key feature of scientific …

doctoral programs offered by universities in industrialized countries. This paper uses the opening of China in 1978 to estimate … the causal effect of this flow on the productivity of their professors in mathematics departments across the United States …. Our identification strategy relies on both the suddenness of the opening of China and on a key feature of scientific …

the pre-existing American mathematicians shrank, the Soviet contribution to American mathematics filled in the gap …. However, there is no evidence that the Soviets greatly increased the size of the “mathematics pie.” Finally, we find that …

the pre-existing American mathematicians shrank, the Soviet contribution to American mathematics filled in the gap …. However, there is no evidence that the Soviets greatly increased the size of the "mathematics pie." Finally, we find that …