An increasing percentage of trade occurs via air. However, air services are excluded from the WTO Agreement and, as a result, the aviation market is regulated by a plethora of Air Services Agreements. In this paper, we investigate the extent of discrimination -in terms of access to international...

European air transport policy, emerged through the confluence of case law and legislation, in four broad areas: liberalization, safety and security, greening, and the external policy. Following the implementation of the single market for air transport, policy shifted to liberalizing and...

For most of its history, commercial aviation has tended toward large airplanes, large airports, and rigidly scheduled flights. Now, however, two phenomena—technological innovation and long-term societal changes accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic—are creating an environment in which many...

In light of the UK Coalition Government's announced intention to reform APD (Air Passenger Duty), this article examines the design flaws making APD an inadequate environmental tax. By identifying the misconceived consequences and environmental inefficiencies of this blunt instrument, the need...

This paper seeks to identify obstacles to competitive markets in formally liberalized service and network industries of fifteen European Union Member States. It is argued that loopholes in EU competition and state aid rules allow national governments to further subsidize previously monopolistic...

The rise of the sharing economy has changed how many Americans commute, shop, vacation, and borrow. It has also disrupted long-established industries, from taxis to hotels, and has confounded policymakers. In particular, regulators are trying to determine how to apply many of the traditional...