Citizens in developing countries support politicians who provide patronage or clientelist benefits, such as government … patronage jobs that come at the expense of public health or education. Gift-giving is not necessarily traded off against public …

Unlike much of the growing literature on political clientelism, this short paper contains mainly the author's general … clientelism has an impact on. It then analyses how its incidence changes with the process of development, and the kind of policy …

determinant of these practices. By reducing inequality, redistributive policies may therefore undermine clientelism. However, by …-lasting clientelist system characterized by political brokers, patronage and targeted benefits. Within this system, the Christian …

Offering employment in the public sector in exchange for electoral support (patronage politics) and vote-buying are … levels of employees in the private sector, and, thereby, the costs and effectiveness of vote-buying and patronage. We show … that when the politician can use both clientelistic instruments simultaneously, his opportunity cost for clientelism in …