The purpose of this paper is to treat scale economies, profit-maximizing markups, economic profitability, capacity … utilization and productivity growth within an integrated structural model, and to assess their interactions empirically using … annual two-digit U.S. manufacturing data. Attention is focused on error biases in measuring productivity using traditional …

to decreasing profitability of winter wheat farming by 2.4 percentage points, and spring barley by 8.6 percentage points … given a stronger growth rate of costs over income. For rye and winter rape farming, it is expected that profitability will … improve by 6.2 and 4.8 percentage points, respectively. Whereas, the profitability of sugar beet farming will most likely …