Domestic laws on the African continent have been considered inadequate to attract the investment needed for development and economic growth. A crucial catalyst in attracting investment on the continent is law reform. The formulation of legislation has twofold effects: firstly, it is perceived to...

Due to economic, financial and administrative constraints, least-developed countries (LDCs) have not managed to make significant progress in the implementation of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). In the latest TRIPS Council meeting of 11-12 June...

Multilateral treaties today rarely touch on subjects where there is no domestic law in the United States, In the U.S. federal system, this domestic law may not be national law, but law of the constituent States of the United States. However, in light of the U.S. Constitution Article VI, treaties...

International organizations often outsource the enforcement of international law to their member states. The International Labor Organization (ILO), for instance, has neither its own adjudicative body nor an internal system of sanctions. Instead, the ILO’s maritime rules authorize states to...

This paper examines the Association Agreement between the EU and six Member States of the Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA), in particular Part IV of the Agreement (trade). More specifically, the paper is concerned with the repetition and reinforcement of WTO norms in the...

We introduce a new, market-based and forward looking measure of political risk derived from the yield spread between a country's U.S. dollar debt and an equivalent U.S. Treasury bond. We explain the variation in these sovereign spreads with four factors: global economic conditions,...

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has been transformed from a periodic meeting of ministers to become the most important regional organisation in Asia's history. An important tension in this transformation is the question of whether the ‘ASEAN way' — defined by consultation...

The rapid rise of China is quickly reshaping the world economy. From the perspectives of trade and development, what explains China's remarkable growth? With respect to the nature and impact of its trade and investment policy, China remains a puzzle to many observers and continues to be topic...

The Article proposes new interpretations of GATT Article XX to minimize the harmful effects of recent WTO jurisprudence that threaten to undermine the goals of the trading system and diminish the role of states in policymaking. In the Shrimp/Turtle cases the WTO's Appellate Body (AB) utilized an...

This chapter analyzes both the theoretical and the practical challenges that the stakeholder involvement raises when making public health decisions are made at an international level. The interconnected nature of scientific research and the global scale of the challenges that public health...