incentive to abstain from expending any effort and instead free-ride on the efforts of other members. Contest theory shows that … relative to the theory. We discuss potential explanations for such over-expenditure, including the utility of winning, bounded … support for the comparative statics predictions of the theory (with the exception of the “group size paradox”). Finally …

their magnitudes are smaller than social learning theory predicts …

The institutional and ecological structure of Hardin’s “tragedy of the commons” appears deceptively simple: the open … “tragedy of the commons” probably would not arise regardless of the pasture’s open-access status …

variations in a setting where probabilistic degradation of the commons is linked to group appropriation. Thus, this setting …