Diversity of opinions among investors plays a crucial role in models of financial market speculation and bubbles. Yet, little is known about the origins of investor disagreement. Using unique data from China, we identify an important cultural and linguistic factor. We show that investors living...

We develop a measure of binding short-sales constraints in equity markets derived from Chen, Hong, and Stein (2002)'s breadth of mutual fund ownership. We show that when the exit rate, the fraction of investors that held a stock in the previous quarter and that exit that stock this quarter, is...

From 2010-2015, China liberalized margin lending, resulting in an unprecedented expansion of margin loans to financially constrained households. We implement a regression discontinuity design based on the ranking procedure used during the deregulation and estimate a large impact of this credit...

Research on leverage and asset-price fluctuations focuses on the direct effect of lax bank lending enabling financially-constrained investors to take excessive risks. Ignored are unconstrained investors speculating on higher prices during credit booms. To identify these two effects, we utilize...

We investigate the effects of managerial outsourcing on the performance and incentives of mutual funds. Fund families outsource the management of a large fraction of their funds to advisory firms. These funds under-perform those ran internally by about 50 basis points per year. After...