Ecosystem externalities arise when one use of an ecosystem affects its other uses through the production functions of … the ecosystem.We use simulations from a size-spectrum ecosystem model to investigate the ecosystem externality created by …

issues: climate change and biodiversity. Involvement of governments and a reference framework provided by intergovernmental …

literature review of all ecosys-tem functions in oil palm plantations. We compare ecosystem functions in oil palm plantations to …-tions generally have reduced ecosystem functioning compared to forests. Some of these functions are lost globally, such as those to … prevent or reduce losses of some ecosystem functions. The only ecosystem function which increased in oil palm planta-tions is …