Antitrust began with the common law tort of restraint of trade but has long since separated itself from the rest of tort law, particularly in the area of punishment. Since the passage of the Sherman Act in 1890, the principal remedies for antitrust violations have been criminal penalties and...

There has been relatively little written applying the insights of legal realism to international law, particularly international economic law. Professor Gregory Shaffer has admirably filled his gap in his excellent book, Defending Interests: Public-Private Partnerships in WTO Litigation. In my...

This chapter from the forthcoming Antitrust Stories book deals with United States v. Aluminum Company of America which remains one of the standard chestnuts of American antitrust law. It appears in one form or another in virtually every antitrust law casebook and industrial organization...

Brands and brand management have become a central feature of the modern economy and a staple of business theory and business practice. Contrary to the law’s conception of trademarks, brands are used to indicate far more than source and/or quality. This volume begins the process of broadening...

This essay summarizes our work on brands and competition. Brands and brand management have become a central feature of the modern economy and a staple of business theory and business practice. Brands also have important effects on competition and the marketplace; yet the two key areas of law...

Antitrust has been impoverished as a discipline by systematically devaluing business discourse in favor of a nearly exclusive reliance on one form of economics as its guiding discipline. I have previously discussed elsewhere the historical reasons why antitrust has ignored the theories that...

Antitrust laws in the United States, and competition rules in Europe, are usually set out in statutes of general applicability, written in broad, almost constitutional form. This is a “one size fits all” statutory style. There is another possible style of antitrust, which we call “bespoke...

Competition and consumer protection law are intimately related, two sides of the same coin of consumer sovereignty and hence economic justice. Somewhat surprisingly, this relationship is only beginning to be recognized by academics and policy makers. Even more interestingly, the fundamental...

Antitrust is having quite a moment. New competition cases and investigations abound in the United States and around the world, challenging the dominance of tech platforms and other powerful firms. There are numerous legislative changes under consideration. The new Presidential Order on...

This is a time of passionate debate on the fundamental goals of competition law. Should there be a single overarching goal for all of competition law and policy? Should that goal be framed in purely economic terms? Should antitrust focus on protecting the competitive process, preventing unfair...