Central bank balance sheets in emerging Asia expanded rapidly over the past decade because of the unprecedented rise in foreign reserve assets. The corresponding expansion of the central banks' liabilities has created dangers - risks of inflation and financial instability and financial market...

Recurrent capital inflows pose important challenges for authorities in emerging market economies seeking to preserve financial stability. Raising interest rates to dampen imbalances that could arise from capital flows can also attract more capital inflows and accentuate appreciation pressures....

The shift in global monetary policy from quantitative easing (QE) to the subsequent policy normalisation has led to volatile two-way capital flows for the emerging market economies (EMEs). Many EMEs' central banks have faced considerable challenges in maintaining monetary and financial stability...

As well as the current one, the wave of globalization culminated in 1913 was marked by increasing accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. But what did ‘reserves' mean in the past, how were they managed, and how much relevant are the differences between then and now? This paper is the first...

As well as the current one, the wave of globalization culminated in 1913 was marked by increasing accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. But what did ‘reserves' mean in the past, how were they managed, and how much relevant are the differences between then and now? This paper is the first...

In the interwar period central banks accumulated foreign exchange as part of the gold exchange standard recommendations. The problems of credibility of the system, and its later demise, created the need for an active reserve management policy by banks. In this paper we study the repercussion of...

In recent years the discussion of the role played by reserve currencies in the world economy has reached a new level. Problems caused by the domination of a single reserve currency have not yet been resolved and it remains unclear when and how they will be solved in the future. At the same time,...

The accumulation of large foreign asset positions by many central banks through sustained foreign exchange (FX) intervention has raised questions about its associated fiscal costs. This paper clarifies conceptual issues regarding how to measure these costs both from an ex-post and an ex-ante...

The present article proposes to draw on the recent experiences of many central banks of advanced economies and the evolution of their operational frameworks in the new context of increased domestic liquidity, when analysing the operations of central banks that engage in exchange rate management...