We examine the changes in order flow on NASDAQ from 1993 through 2010. We find that while volume and the number of trades are increasing for NASDAQ-listed securities, the percentage of volume that executes on NASDAQ declines from almost 100% in the 1990's to less than 40% in 2010. We examine the...

We examine the liquidity providing behavior of NASDAQ market makers surrounding two periods of changing dealer obligation. The first change in November, 2007 is the relaxation of Rule 4613, which required NASDAQ market makers to place two-sided quotes “reasonably related” to the current best...

We examine the Hou and Moskowitz (2005) parsimonious measure of friction, which proxies investors' difficulty in incorporating market-wide information into security prices. Our comparison of REITs and matched non-REIT stocks shows a statistical and economically higher level of friction for REIT...