Financial ratios are generally used to measure the firm's economic and financial performance but their representation is not framed within an integrated framework. In the present paper I follow a different approach where ratios are not a direct measure of financial performance but rather the...

Asset values depend on risk exposures and yet many risk measures don't take this relationship into account. This paper presents a framework for estimating monetary risk exposures. In finance the notion of risk is generally used to express potential monetary losses from adverse events, herein a...

In this paper I derive a straightforward condition, which I call the Arm's Length Dual Condition (ALD), for a controlled price to be, or not to be, arm's length. A proof of the validity of this condition is carried out with respect to the Resale Price, the Cost Plus and the Transactional Net...

Transfer Pricing policies are the focus of many investigations on corporate income around the world, yet corporations rarely use models and metrics to estimate their exposure to tax risk. In this paper I propose a framework for multinational enterprises to deal with transfer pricing risk, i.e....

While discussing risk issues someone told me as a joke that she wished the world were riskless and the fact that risk were present in any instance in our lives was a rather unfortunate circumstance. But would we be really better off in a riskless world?Although it may appear to be a trivial...

In the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) the β-parameter is related to the risk level of an asset and takes on values ranging around 1. I argue that β is also a function of the monetary risks the asset is exposed to, hence monetary risk can be estimated from betas. On the other hand, if we...