The Arctic has historically been a strategically important region for Russia, from before the Cold War to the recent … efforts in increasing shipping along the Northern Sea Route. Russia holds the largest share of petroleum resources in the …

notably with the aim of limiting Russia's access to hard international currency. However, Russia remains the world's first … States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. Given the inelasticity of Russia's oil and gas supply, the most efficient … way for Europe to sanction Russian energy would not be an embargo, but the introduction of an import tariff that can be …