total about $900 billion, of which global cartels account for 37%.• The average guilty cartel's estimated sales size is $917 … million, global $6.9 billion.• More than 49,000 companies were indicted for international price fixing. • Monetary penalties … reached $233 billion, which equals 2.0% of affected sales.• More than half of all cartel penalties are paid to North American …

Asia and the rest of the world during 1990-2007. The need for assertive anti-cartel enforcement in Asia is demonstrated by …, it is doubtful that such monetary sanctions can deter modern international cartels. Optimal cartel deterrence is …International cartelists today face antitrust investigations and possible fines in a score of national and …

absolute Commission fine. Independent variables fall into four groups: the extent of the cartel’s antitrust injuries; factors … cartel; and controls for time, for changes in EC guidelines, for nationality of the defendant, and for industry …-specific characteristics. The predictive power of the final model is quite satisfactory. We find that EC corporate cartel fines generally …

, 953 were convicted; 296 await a decision; After international cartels are investigated, 96% are convicted; Nominal …,000 companies (7,200 named) are liable for international price fixing; 60% of corporate cartelists are headquartered in Western … Europe: 533 individuals were sanctioned for international price fixing; Prison sentences imposed total 656 years; Gross …

other modern cartel. For example, the internal records of the major defendants have yielded monthly transaction prices for … the largest discovered international price-fixing schemes of the late 20th century in terms of affected commerce and …

This chapter examines anti-cartel enforcement in selected jurisdictions around the world, paying particular attention …. There are numerous indicators that enforcement in North America comes closest to optimal deterrence of illegal cartel … against cartel violators is hampered by court rules that severely limit the rights of cartel victims to seek compensation in …

Based on an analysis of cartel prosecutions since 2007, this article assesses the way the European Commission has built …

Justice has great latitude in recommending corporate cartel fines to the federal courts, and its recommendations are nearly … participated in international cartels and that were fined between 1996 and March 2010. The predictive power of the optimal …-deterrence model is quite good. We find that U.S. corporate cartel fines are strongly directly related to economic injuries from …

This article analyzes the first 22 cartel decisions of the European Commission under its 2006 revised fining Guidelines …. I find that the severity of the cartel fines relative to affected sales is about double that of the fines decided under … the previous 1998 Guidelines. Severity varies only modestly across companies in the same cartel. A large minority of EC …

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the current cartel fine levels of the European Union and the United … results show that on average these cartel overcharges are significantly larger than the criminal fines of either the European …