The effect bank competition has on interest rates should depend on the fact that borrowers compete against each other … extract. I find evidence that firms that operate within areas of limited bank competition face higher rates than their peers …. I also identify an innovative control group that can be used in tests of bank market structure. …

This study investigates the impact of foreign bank penetration in Central and Eastern Europe on firm entry. We … size, we define opacity in terms of technological process and show that economic significance of foreign bank entry is … evidence of increased credit constraints and are consistent with theories that argue that foreign bank presence exacerbates …

financially undeveloped. European economies heavily depend on bank loans and research suggests that loan supply played a major … been only a minor substitution of bank loans with debt securities. Second, creditless recoveries were associated with …

financially undeveloped. European economies heavily depend on bank loans and research suggests that loan supply played a major … been only a minor substitution of bank loans with debt securities. Second, creditless recoveries were associated with …