the optimal mix of patent and trade secrets when the innovator faces a strict novelty requirement and can only patent a … innovator can successively patent different fragments of the process. We compare a regime with prior user rights, when the …

-stage model in which choosing between patent and trade secrecy is affected by three parameters: the patent strength defined as the … small innovations are always patented. Furthermore, medium innovations are patented only when patent strength is … sufficiently high. Finally, we investigate a class of licensing agreements used to settle patent disputes between patent holders …

The theory of patent “hold-out” posits that frictions in the market for licensing standard-essential patents (SEPs … patent quality; however, we find no evidence associating pre- or in-litigation hold-out with the international breadth of SEP …

firms may protect their inventions by means of intellectual property rights, such as patents. By taking out a patent … functioning of the contemporary patent system. We find that patenting firms are being less confronted with imitation. The effect … of patents on the dissemination of R&D findings is, however, insignificant. Therefore, we conclude that patent …

This paper analyzes how injunctions relate to patent hold-up problems. To this end, we present a simple model of … licensing negotiations between a patent holder and a downstream firm in the shadow of litigation. More specifically, we consider … the situation in which an injunction is granted as a matter of course if a patent is found valid and infringed upon in …

We study the relation between patent concentration and tax-motivated income shifting. Using affiliate-level data for … European multinational corporations (MNCs) and employing the relative share of patents held by an MNC as a measure for patent … concentration, we predict and find that tax-motivated income shifting is increasing in the degree of patent concentration. This …

Since the patent system relies on private litigation for challenging weak patents, and patent settlements might … influence the incentives for challenging patents, the question arises whether the antitrust assessment of patent settlements … should also consider their impact on the incentives to challenge potentially invalid patents. Patent settlements in the …

The objective of this paper is to compare the impact of R&D competition (i) under patent protection and (ii) under no … patent protection on enterprise innovation and performance with the impact of R&D cooperation in the form of R&D cartel on … spillovers, the R&D investments under patent protection are smaller than in the case of no patent protection. When firms create a …