multiplying cartel infringement by the reciprocal of the probability of detection and punishment. When we factor in expected … discussed in the literature. By applying the empirically determined probabilities of punishment, we can calculate the minimum …. Sensitivity analyzes that use alternative values for the probability of punishment usually still result in long prison sentences …

classical theories of punishment properly accounts for or develops this intuition. In this Article, Donald Braman explores the … rehabilitation. He concludes by reviewing and suggesting ways to reform existing punishment practices in light of accountability …

explain the failure to sanction managers who commit fraud. First, managers control the information that would reveal who was … whether the firm will investigate and sanction accounting fraud internally. Director & officer insurance and managers' control …

individual's wage rate. Sensitivity of the deterrent sanction to uncertainty in the endowments distribution, as well as of … dispersion in the sanction itself, was also inspected. It was found dependent on the pattern of individual preferences …

perpetrators. Further, punishment rates are lower for senior management than for middle managers and junior staff. We document that … the negative relation between seniority and punishment severity holds only for senior male perpetrators; senior female …, and do not disclose their identity in the survey. We interpret these findings as evidence of agency costs by punishment …

which the government should additionally sanction employees to be quite limited and the circumstances under which the … employee sanction provides prosecutors with leverage to adjust the employee's sanction in exchange for his cooperation against …