productivity. I find that early scanners increased a store's labor productivity, on average, by approximately 4.5 percent in the …

paper is the first to estimate their effect on productivity. I use store-level data from the 1972, 1977, and 1982 Census of … Retail Trade, matched to data on store scanner installations, to estimate scanners' effect on labor productivity. I find that … early scanners increased a store's labor productivity, on average, by approximately 4.5 percent in the first few years, with …

Liberalization is widely recognized to drive productivity growth. Retail trade is often thought to substantially … contribute to the frequently debated productivity gap between Europe and the U.S. In Europe, entry regulations empower local … the period 1996-2002 to quantify the effect of entry regulations on productivity in retail. The results show that the …

Understanding the causal association between skills and productivity is essential for designing effective training …-level productivity. We further link these Findings to individual-level performance measures. In particular, we document positive effects … increasing productivity through training programs targeting critical skills. …

the expansion of global retail chains leads to a significant increase in the total factor productivity (TFP) in the …