via an increase in their productivity. The growing competitive pressure in the upstream sector, induced by global retail … chains, drives least productive firms out of the market and the average productivity of the sector increases. In addition …, retail sector FDI generates productivity gains at the firm level: local suppliers of multinational retailers benefit from the …

This paper investigates the determinants of the productivity of independent retail stores in Sweden by focusing on the … located in central and non-central markets respectively. The results show an approximately 10 percent higher productivity … markets. The findings also show that employee characteristics do not contribute to the productivity of stores in central …