We estimate the opportunity cost for Iran due to the Islamic revolution and eight years' war with Iraq (1978 …/79-1988). We apply the synthetic control method in order to compare Iran with a synthetic Iran and answer this counterfactual …

this sense, the Iranian revolutionaries felt the obligation to actively reintroduce Islam as a revelation for the whole … the revolution should no longer be exported actively, but that Iran should serve as an example. Consequently, Supreme … Leader Khamenei called the events of the Arab Spring a “natural enlargement of Iran’s Islamic revolution of 1979” and …