Violent conflict destroy resources. It generates "destruction costs." These costs have an important effect on … individual's decisions to cooperate or conflict. We develop two models of conflict: one in which conflict's destruction costs are … independent of individuals' investment in "arms" - the tools of conflict - and another in which conflict's destruction costs …

Macroeconomic costs of conflict are generally very large, with GDP per capita about 28 percent lower ten years after …

costlessly enforced. The costs of insecurity and the resultant conflict are, however, real and often economically significant. In … this paper, we examine how international trade regimes affect the costs of conflict and, in turn, how the desirability of … international trade is affected by these costs. We consider both domestic and international conflict. Trade openness reduces the …

This paper studies the economic costs of conflicts at the country and ethnic group settlement level with light output …

Conflict and competition often impose costs on both winners and losers, and conflicting parties may prefer to resolve …

I critically review recent studies that estimate those costs of violence and conflict that can emerge among organized … studies that estimate direct and indirect costs due to internal conflicts (civil wars and other lower-level conflicts … a cost, and, depending on the methods and evidence used, estimated costs vary widely. However, even minimum estimates …

This paper defines the global economic costs of conflict and suggests two key criteria, namely comprehensiveness and … consistency, which are necessary for a valid calculation of such costs. A critical review of the literature reveals that most … aggregate and micro‐level estimates of the costs of conflict …