marginal increase in arrests for an index crime is on average about 1.5-3 times greater than the harm reduction calculated …

This paper compares actual US crime and incarceration rates to predicted rates from cross-country regressions. Global … cross-country regressions of crime and incarceration on background characteristics explain much of the variation between … other countries. But the estimated models predict only one-fourth of US incarceration and not all of US crime. The …

We present the attempt of finding association between crime level and prison population across European countries. We … offer justification that is methodologically based on correlations and regressions of country incarceration rates on crime … rates, with the reference to governance indicators. We use data on crime and prisoner rates by offence from Eurostat and …

Becker's theory of crime, penalties must be at least as high as expected benefits to deter crimes. For example, we start by … multiplying cartel infringement by the reciprocal of the probability of detection and punishment. When we factor in expected … discussed in the literature. By applying the empirically determined probabilities of punishment, we can calculate the minimum …

penalty to the severity of the crime. We combine individual-level data on sentence length for a representative sample of US … inmates with proxies for maximum punishment and monitoring costs across US states over 50 years. Consistent with the theory of …

of organized crime, affecting many aspects of the daily live and every sector of business. The data unfortunately show … definitively delete organized crime (OC), even more difficult and targeted intervention by the institutions is needed in order to … measure and compare organized crime in different territories. We apply then to Italian provinces and we obtain a ranking at …

the attendant social costs, but also reflects a partial failure of some of the justifications for punishment. As a result …, incapacitation and retributive notions may dominate our thinking about punishment, with predictable results. This essay looks at the …. The essay suggests that the passion for equal treatment among those who commit the same crime, a prominent goal of the …