Today's conversation about antitrust civil remedies generally, and the private action specifically, focuses most often on optimal deterrence and effectiveness. Generally lost in conversation is the basic idea that antitrust violations cause economic harm, and that those victimized by that harm...

The Antitrust Marathon is a long-running series of roundtable discussions sponsored by the Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies of Loyola University Chicago School of Law and the Competition Law Forum of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, focusing on enduring issues...

Leading jurisdictions around the world are debating whether the nature of data-driven digital markets and the smart technologies that enable these markets require a re-thinking of how antitrust law applies to digital markets. There are many aspects to consider in this discussion, relating both...

This piece critically analyses extraterritorial application of competition law by the European Union. The EU is a key global player in competition law and policy. Its competition law is actively and assertively applied to foreign activities of foreign entities affecting EU market. In the recent...

The ministerial proposal for a 10th amendment of the German competition law particularly addresses abuse control and seeks to tighten this pillar of competition policy against the background of the challenges from the digital economy. Next to extending the classic policy instruments of abuse...

This paper makes an original contribution to the literature on the developing area of private enforcement of EU competition law. It delivers a significant, rigorous and comprehensive analysis of the transposition across a broad selection of Member States (MS) of a major EU Directive introduced...

The objectives of this paper are to: (i) describe the fining policy of the European Commission for breach of EU competition rules; (ii) assess this policy in light of the criticisms that have been made by academics, practitioners and other stakeholders; and (iii) to the extent these criticisms...

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has in several cases, most recently in Akzo Nobel (Case C-97/08) and General Química (Case C-90/09), held parent companies liable for competition law infringements of their subsidiaries. This practice is widely criticized by scholars and practitioners. The...

The use of soft law instruments is pervasive in the field of EU competition policy. This poses significant legal challenges derived from the progressive ‘hardening’ of these regulatory tools by the European Courts as a result of the application of the general principles of EU law. The...