The primary object of Rousseau's educational project in Emile is the reader. Rousseau educates his reader by forcing a comparison between the children we know and his pupil Emile. One specific device Rousseau uses in this vein is the illustrations of the work. I analyze the first two engravings...

This paper explains that when there is great uncertainty about which elements of knowledge must be combined to make an invention, the likelihood of invention increases markedly—by many orders of magnitude—when there are numerous diverse research organizations, rather than just a few. The...